A whole lot of attention was placed on the filling in of Boueng Kak
lake in central Phnom Penh in recent years. Much of this was
well-deserved, as it involved the eviction and displacement of thousands
of local residents. I've written about this in previous posts, it was a
public park in the early 90s but gradually became filled in with slums.
One reason I think it got so much attention was because it had a
backpacker area within it, so was noticed more. The view from the
verandas facing the lake was pleasant, especially in the evenings as it
was one of the only places to see the sunset in the city, in most other
areas this was obscured by buildings.
However, a project that
dwarfs that one in comparison has been ongoing for the last few years,
and has received little attention in the media. The Boueng Tumpun
wetland/lake is about 10 times larger than Boueng Kak was, but as it
lies south of the city dyke at 271 not many have noticed. Again, I've
previously posted on this area. Boueng Kak was around 120 hectares, but
Boueng Tumpun is about 1000. It is also far more important in that the
main drainage from the city flows south to this wetland. It has been
farmed for morning glory and other plants for as long as anyone can
remember, and supported a large community of subsistence agriculture.
The
filling in of the verges of the area began long ago, but was halted.
Around 2009 it became a major project, and although the municipality
claimed it was only going to build a road across it, to join Monivong
Boulevard with Highway 2 in Ta Khmao, this initial idea has been
expanded.
The plan now is for a 60 meter wide boulevard with a
central division, and a park somewhere in the middle. It will be 9
kilometers long when completed, as a guess I'd say 4 km has been
graveled but not tarmacked yet, further than that is still just sand
fill. Retaining walls have been built at various points along the
length, so obviously there are plans for development along its length.
The
official statements when filling in began stated that the plan was not
to fill in the major part of the wetland/lake, as it serves as a natural
filter for much of the runoff water/sewage that flows south from the center
city. This water then flows further south and eventually into the Bassac
River.It appears that this idea has been revised though and a number of
cross roads will be built across the wetland, and it is also apparent
that the western part has also had a considerable amount of filling in.
Until
not long ago, it wasn't obvious how large these plans were, I've been
around the reclaimed area for a few years, but was amazed on a recent
visit how much progress has been made. Some of the roads may relieve
congestion on other over-used routes to the city, but there are big
plans for an expansion south, as can be seen from the pictures.
I made a post back in October 2009 about this cathedral which apparently was inaugurated in 1955. It was torn down in 1975, and its bells were thrown into the lake behind. They were later recovered and can be seen on the steps of the National Museum. I was working there recently and took some close-ups of the decorations on them. They are all quite common Christian themes such as crucifixes and the bleeding heart but unusual in Phnom Penh. There are two bells that are in good condition, and one of which only the top part remains.
This aerial image shows the cathedral in front of the lake, which has now also disappeared
This was never my favorite place in Phnom Penh, but nevertheless had a pleasant and unique side to it. The street outside was a higgledy-piggledy track, unpaved until relatively recently, and it looked unlike anything else in the city. Of course it bore a resemblance to some of the side streets in poorer outlying areas, but it had loads of shops and restaurants with backpacker themes and English language signage, and an unhealthy proportion of foreigners too. Locals generally avoid the place like the plague, and it’s hardly surprising as just wandering through the streets will draw many unwanted offers of ganja, yamma or smack from the charming, salt-of-the-earth types who hang around there. There are of course many other little streets around the lake that aren’t frequented by backpackers, just normal poor neighborhoods.
When you were sitting on one of the verandahs looking out onto the lake, with the best sunsets in the city, you forgot all the sleazy dealers outside, and it was one of the most relaxing and quiet places to be in this busy town. You couldn’t hear the traffic way up on Monivong, and it was like you were in the provinces. There were fishermen and pig-weed collectors out in boats, a pagoda was just visible far across the lake to the west, the same pagoda Prime Minister Hun Sen stayed in as a student.
Back in the 1960s there was a park here, and also a restaurant on the island in the middle. The restaurant was connected by a bridge to the land to the south. I’m not exactly sure how this was accessed as it would seem to lead to a railway yard. The park, to the north, was still a popular spot in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was located behind the French Embassy compound, and had a small funfair with a hand driven Ferris wheel. Like many parts of the city, which had during the People’s Republic of Kampuchea period been able to exert a certain amount of control on settlements, the whole area became a shanty town during the next decade. The lake was no longer such a pleasant place to visit, and the water itself became foul and polluted, especially close to shore.
The guesthouses that later sprung up around street 93 had nice jetties but the places themselves were dumps, mostly jerry-built wooden platforms with crap paneled rooms, and one stinking bathroom out near the street for the whole place. I had some good times there, but I never stayed. No big deal, except that you had to get through one of the dodgiest streets in the whole city before you got to the relative safety of Monivong.
A deal went through a few years back, and somehow a private company got the rights to develop the whole lake and much of the surrounding land, which meant filling it in for a start, and moving the residents, who were offered various incentives such as an apartment in an outlying district, various sums of money between five and eight thousand dollars, or nothing at all. Many people haven’t moved, but the conditions due to flooding and general uncertainty have driven many residents out already.
The growing sand bank in the middle comes piped in a slurry from a floating plant just south of Chruoy Changva peninsula’s southern tip, at the confluence of the Mekong and Tonle Sap rivers. It’s growing like a big lollipop, and it’s far higher than the decks of the back-packer bars nearby, so it blocks out any view there used to be. One bar owner down the southern end complained that now thieves could just walk across a beach to nick his stereo, which they had just done, while before they would have needed a boat.
Flooding in the condemned villages has become a major problem since the filling in began, as it blocked up sewage piping, but also seems to have contributed to unprecedented levels and periods of flooding in adjoining areas in Russei Keo district. Filling in lakes is nothing new in Phnom Penh; in fact most of city was built on lakes and wetland. However, at over a hundred hectares, Boueng Kak must have had a huge volume as a catchment area for storm-water. As more lakes, wetland or even open ground become lost to construction and paving, there is less possibility that the earth can absorb water, so it runs off into already overloaded or incapable drain systems. It’s not exactly ideal to have street-water and other effluent draining off into a pond or lake in a city either, as these still bodies of water rapidly become septic cesspools. The “O” in O Russei means stream, and it indeed once was a beautiful, bamboo brook. The “Stung” in Stung Meanchey also means a stream. Luckily now most of the O Russei stream is like the River Fleet in London, or the River Styx to Hell, underground, as it stinks to high hell. The river at Stung Meanchey is unfortunately still open air. Most of the time it is a smelly, muddy, grotty and gray pathetically small-looking flow that makes you hold your breath or gag as you cross the bridge. It gets to rip a bit when there’s a storm, and it gets washed out a little, but the smell never goes away.
The future plans for the lake area are far from certain, as some rough maps and 3D plans have been shown to the public, but little information has been forthcoming from the company involved. With many of the bigger constructions around town either moving at a snail’s pace, or grinding to a halt, it would seem unwise to attempt another similar complex which there is at the current time a very limited market for.
Early projections showed a proportion of lake that was to be kept, but the method being used to fill it in would seem to make that very impractical, so I imagine they just plan to install a few shallow pond water features around the development. Otherwise it’s just the regular mixture of office blocks, skyscrapers, malls and residential units that keep magically appearing.
The color pictures of the people playing near the waterside and children playing on rides are by Jacques Baekaert, and are from around 1991. The grainy black and white photo of a Ferris-wheel and a cow grazing are from around 1993. There are a couple of stitched together panoramas I took in April 2010, when the fill was beginning to make its presence felt and little water remained in the southern end of the former lake. The aerial shot is from sometime shortly before the lake began to get filled in.
